Today, marijuana is the most commonly used drug worldwide, with around 188 million users, or about 2.5% of people aged 15-64. In the U.S., marijuana use among people aged 12 and older jumped from 11% (25.8 million) in 2002 to 17.5% (48.2 million) in 2019. Every year, 2-3 million new users start, and around 1.1% become clinically dependent. Among high schoolers, annual marijuana use rose to 23.9% in 2017, with 10%, 26%, and 37% of 8th, 10th, and 12th graders reporting use. While cannabis is often discussed for its effects on school performance and behavior, it also affects nearly all of the body’s systems, from the immune and respiratory systems to the central nervous system. This review explores how cannabis use can potentially increase the risk of contracting viruses like HIV, HCV, HTLV-1, and even COVID-19.
FACTS
- The cannabis sativa plant contains 560 chemicals, including 104 cannabinoids.T
- HC (Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol) is the most studied cannabinoid and affects the brain (CB1 receptors) and peripheral areas (CB2 receptors).
- CBD (cannabidiol) is a non-psychoactive cannabinoid that influences immune system function.The endocannabinoid system (ECS) includes endogenous cannabinoids like anandamide and 2-AG, which affect immune cells such as monocytes, lymphocytes, and dendritic cells.
- Cannabis use is linked to increased TSPO levels, stress, and anxiety in the brain, which may contribute to cannabis use disorder.
- Chronic cannabis smoking can weaken the immune system and worsen respiratory conditions like chronic bronchitis and bronchial cell abnormalities.
- There is a higher risk of bacterial pneumonia in cannabis smokers, particularly among HIV-positive individuals.
- Cannabis may impact the fetal immune system during pregnancy, potentially weakening defenses against infections later in life.
Chronic use may lead to respiratory issues, weakened immunity, and dependency. Instead of turning to cannabis as a way to manage stress, consider healthier coping mechanisms like meditation, exercise, or mindfulness practices. These alternatives not only help reduce stress but also promote long-term physical and mental well-being. Being mindful of how we care for our bodies is essential for living a balanced and healthy life.
